The Philosophies of Judge Dee Essay - 1715 Words

The translated novel Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee tells of a district magistrate of Chang-Ping in the T’ang Dynasty named Judge Dee Goong An, famous for his ability to solve mysterious cases. This is simple enough, except it is immediately evident to the reader that Judge Dee is not just a normal magistrate content with solving a case – it is easy to see that he always digs deeper. His success is unparalleled in the land, his actions laid out without a single corrupt thought or a lax view. What makes Judge Dee so effective? How is he able to look past the most obvious answers to find the one that is correct? It is obvious that he can only do this with the help of various different philosophies. These philosophies provided him†¦show more content†¦Hsu, of course, was the young man who committed adultery and was an accessory to the murder of Bee Hsun, the husband of Mrs. Djou. Instead of a severe punishment for Dr. Tang, Judge Dee orders otherwise, saying â€Å"But in deference to your great achievements in the field of scholarly researches, I shall free with this public reprimand, enjoining you henceforth to devote all your time to your own literary studies. You are strictly forbidden ever again to engage in the teaching of young students.† (Van Gulik, pg. 208). Judge Dee respected Dr. Tang’s higher learning status, whereas if it were a normal person the punishment would have been far more severe and painful. Respect for the actions of a person’s elders is evident as well. In the same scene, Judge Dee convicts the student Hsu Deh-tai, who is to be executed by strangulation – however, Judge Dee recognizes the â€Å"meritorious services rendered to the State by the said Hsu Deh-tai’s father and grandfather† (pg. 214). This is a subtle example of filial piety, albeit indirect filial piety. A social hierarchy is near-impossible to miss in this novel as well– from the very beginnin g the reader is notified of the position of Judge Dee and his consequent assistants under him, along with the fact that all of his subjects refer to themselves as â€Å"this insignificant person† (pg. 10). They all respect Judge Dee, which shows the Confucian idea of social order. Because of these facts,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Celebrated Cases Of Judge Dee1409 Words   |  6 Pages The book Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee takes place in the Tang Dynasty in a region of China called Chang-ping. The time in which the book took place was a very Confucian society due to the resurrection of the Confucian Educational System. This society emphasized beliefs such as the importance of the government, education, filial piety, and the 5 relationships. It believed that the gentleman was the embodiment of all these characteristics and was held to the highest standards. Legalism was the practicedRead MoreThe Willow Pattern By Robert Van Gulik Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages I n his murder novel, The Willow Pattern, Robert Van Gulik chronicles the work of the semi-fictional historical figure Judge Dee: a statesman and detective of the Tang court. In the midst of a mysterious plague that had overtaken the capital city of Chang’an Judge Dee seeks answers to the murder of two wealthy aristocrats. Over the course of his endeavors, he encounters many attributes and acts characteristic to the Tang Dynasty. DESPITE THE FICTIONAL NATURE OF HIS NOVEL, GULIK PAINTS A HISTORICALLYRead MoreIncarceration Of Prison And Prisoners869 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual resibility. This philosophy, based on retribution, incapacitation, and deterrence, has become the operational principle that underlies many of today’s correctional initiatives. The Just Deserts Era represents a return to the original purpose of incarceration: imprisonment. The current era of prison philosophy has led to an overall increase in the number of prison facilities and a continued rise in the number of incarcerated individuals. Critics of this philosophy worry that the increase inRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas: Proving Gods Existence Essay1866 Words   |  8 Pagesthen produces lesser qualities in objects. That is, â€Å"there is something which is the truest and the best and most excellent of things, and hence the most fully in being.† In fact, we rate or grade objects according to this perfection, as when we judge the worth of a person’s life relative to a human ideal. â€Å"Now when many things possess a property in common, the one fully possessing it causes it in the other; fire, as Aristotle says, the hottest of all things, causes all other things to be hot.†Read MorePlatos Works Essay examples1881 Words   |  8 PagesP latos Works In his works, Plato writes about truth, justice, and reality in full detail. His ideas are greatly deep and persuasively argued. It is from him that all western philosophy is a footnote. He describes his view in a series of numerous dialogues. For my report, I have chosen four of his works to study, which I think were his most important. The Republic is a dialogue composed of 10 books. The theme in its entirety is justice. The characters of the dialogue are Socrates, who isRead More Censorship in Literature and Music Essay examples1860 Words   |  8 Pagesthe author of the novel Prometheus, said this about his experiences in post World War II Hungary: In post World War II Hungary there were public libraries, but the accessibility of certain materials was screened. Books on Western literature and philosophy were carefully censored and instead of widening, they narrowed our vision.6 In 1968, the Doors single Unknown Soldier was banned from airplay at many radio stations because of its anti-war theme. With the 1950’s came the birth of rock andRead MoreSpeech : Speech And Debilitate2810 Words   |  12 Pagesmetaphor used. It was a simple assignment something a fifth grader could do with ease. The only problem for me was that we had to do it in front of the entire class. At the time I was by no means shy, I considered myself a master of small talk (whop dee doo), easily able to strike up conversation with any of my peers. So you would think that public speaking would come just as naturally. I thought so, I really hadn’t experience the fear beforehand. So when it was my turn to present my ingenious findingsRead More Women in the Middle East and Greece Essay3931 Words   |  16 Pagesequal opportunities for education and employment which helped create a large number of women in highly prestigious occupations. Instead of working in occupations like nurses, maids, and primary school teachers women were taking up professions like judges, doctors, lawyers, professors, etc . I found that this new civil code mainly affected the middle to upper class women of Turkey and continues to do so today. There is a definite difference between a womans life in the city vs. a life in the countrysideRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesWaterman said she was pleased with the RIAA’s label, but wanted a more detailed rating system introduced, so that the potential buyer knows what is precisely on a record. The musicians’ standpoint was represented by Frank Zappa, John Denver, and Dee Snider. After Frank Zappa had read out the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, he argued forcefully against the PMRC’s demands which he considered equivalent to treating dandruff by decapitation,... whipped up like an instantRead MoreJimi Hendrix3785 Words   |  16 Pagesreceived his honorable discharge from service in the summer of 1962 (Murray 36). His background in RB, a type of music dominated by black artists at that time, led him to play with many RB singers from the time, such as Little Richard, King Curtis, Joey Dee and the Starliters, the Isley Brothers, and many others (Murray 38-42). The development of his own style of music, which would later be displayed at various stages of its evolution in his four completed studio albums, came from an amalgamation of his

The Rwandan Genocide Essay - 2147 Words

For years, Rwanda has been a hotbed of racial tension. The majority of the Rwandan population is made up of Hutus, with Tutsis making up the rest of it. Ever since European colonial powers entered the country and favoured the Tutsi ethnic group over the Hutu by putting Tutsi people in all important positions in society, there has been a decisive political divide between the two groups. This favouring of the Tutsi over the Hutu, and the Hutu subjugation as an ethnic lower class resulted in the civil war and revolution of 1959, where the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi dominated government, and resulted in Rwanda gaining their independence in 1962. However, tension remained between the two ethnic groups, with a civil war raging between the†¦show more content†¦The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda was a mission designed to help carry-out the conditions set forth in the Arusha Accords, which were signed in 1993, with the purpose of ending the Rwandan Civil War. The UN was aware of the situation in Rwanda, and the tension between the two ethnic groups, well before the genocide was committed. After April 6th, with the death of the president and the ensuing call-to-arms, one of the first victims of the genocide was the Prime Minister, and her bodyguard of 10 Belgian UN commandos. The mission the UN soldiers were deployed on did not have sufficiently provide instructions regarding whether they could use force retaliate to fighting, so they surrendered their weapons to presidential troops when asked, only to then be captured, tortured and murdered at the enemies compound. As a result, the Belgian government and o ther contingents of the UNAMIR called for the immediate withdrawal of all troops. Out of the original 2,500 troops, Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallaire stayed behind with only 270 UNAMIR soldiers to assist the Tutsi people. A request for immediate reinforcements of 5,000 troops was sent out by Lieutenant-General Dallaire, which was denied by the UN. Eventually, on 17th May 1994, the UNSC agreed to deliver 5,500 troops and other much-needed equipment to the UNAMIR troops. The UN troops focused on evacuating foreign nationals, andShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994 and involved members of the Hutu mass killing Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers who were Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of around 800,000 people, majority Tutsi. The separation of classes came from Belgian internationals creating the two ethnic classes and giving power to the Tutsi who were taller and had lighter skin, and generally appeared more European. In response to this, after the country gained independence from Belgium, Hutu extremists gatheredRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesMiranda Shearer Mrs. Sohal/ Mrs. Love Period 3 17 October 2014 The Rwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. The Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and was, â€Å"initiated by the Hutu political elite and extremists and its military support, their prime targets were the Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates.† (Hain 2) The Hutu made up majority of the population and government officials and enforced a government-ass isted militaryRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe problems of today can often be traced in the beginnings of yesterday. The Rwandan Genocide was a divisive division of two groups that culminated in the mass murder of nearly 500,000 Rwandans, three-fourths of the population. The tactful subterfuge by the ruling party fueled the separation of two ethnic groups that reminisce the events in Europe 55 years earlier. Naturally, the question becomes, how? Simply speaking it was the indifference of global elites and political demagoguery that incitedRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rwandan genocide occurred during the period of April to July of 1994. This genocide was as a result of the Hutu ethnic majority slaughtering the Tutsi minority. During this period as much as 800,000 Tutsis were killed. The genocide was started by Hutu extremists in the capital of Kigali and the genocide soon spread across the country. Despi te all of this there were several survivors of the genocide. Immaculee Ilibagiza is one of those people. Immaculee Ilibagiza was born in 1972. She is theRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1335 Words   |  5 PagesRwanda is a country made up of a population with three ethnic communities, the two main communities, the Hutu and Tutsi and an additional community of Twa (or pygmies) who all spoke the same language, Kinyarwanda or Rwandan (Clapham, 1998). There is a stereotype of appearance attributed to these two main communities, with Tutsi being seen as tall and having an aquiline shaped nose, and the Hutu as being short and flat-nosed (Clapham, 1998). In the pre-colonial state of Rwanda, it was the TutsisRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just wha t motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagespeople that commit genocide; we are all capable of it. It’s our evolutionary history† (James Lovelock). According to the Oxford dictionary, genocide is defined as â€Å"the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group.† Although it may be hard to believe, genocides have occurred all over the world and all throughout time. There have been well documented genocides such as the Holocaust. Additionally, there have also been genocides that have barelyRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide1188 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide The Rwandan Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and lasted for about 100 days (History). The two groups involved, the Hutus and Tutsis, were in a massive conflict after their president was killed. The Hutus brutally killed about 800,000 Tutsis and supporters. This tragic genocide was not stopped by other countries during its peak, leaving the world wondering why. As we commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide, it is important to be informed about the tragedy. The wayRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousands

Industrial Revolution Dbq Free Essays

Industrial Revolution DBQ The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the production of goods. It began in England on the 1700s. Factories were built in clusters and were built near water for their power. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Revolution Dbq or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Industrial Revolution had many negative and positive effects, but the negative effects outweighed the positive effects. The Industrial Revolution had many positive effects. It created jobs for many people, less people were on the streets with no job. It gave people hope in improvement in their life. People had jobs now that paid money and since so many people had jobs, more products were produced. This lead to cheaper, mass produced items, so many products were produced that the prices decreased and people were able to afford new thing like clothes and other things they wanted. In the picture from the 1900s showing a man in nice clothes with a shiny car. The man doesn’t have rag clothes, it’s a nice suit with no rips or tears. With long term positive effects, child labor laws have been produced. Because of all the injuries children went through during the Industrialization, laws have been made to make working conditions better and kids can’t work until a certain age. The Industrial Revolution had many negative effects. One negative effect was injuries and death on the job. In the Testimony, by Joseph Hebergam, Hambergam was a man who is sick and he is talking to a man about how he caught his illness by damaged lungs and his leg muscles won’t function properly and will not support the weight of his bones. He also talks about how he will die in a year. In the testimony he explains how he received the illness from the dust in the factories and from overworking and insufficient diet. Then the man goes into talking how his brother died from a cut from a machine and died of infection. Another negative effect would be that people’s life-spans decreased, a lot. The average life-span for a farm workers was 38, the average for a factory worker was 17. The working conditions were so bad and most people worked until they died. People also died from sicknesses, people would get sick and then make contact with others and the sickness would spread to others. Lastly, a long term effect was pollution. It’s hard to clean up the damage that has been done to the world. People would just throw things on the street and just trashed the world. The waste and trash caused pollution which is very hard to get rid f. In the picture that shows the smoke stack, it shows all the smoke that would go into the air from the factored. That polluted our world a lot too. In the Industrial Revolution the negative effects outweighed the positive. People were dying young. When people died, the job they had had to be replaced. Many people lost their lives at a young age. In the Testimo ny, by William Cooper, he talks about how the man was eight and twenty years old. He started working in the mills when he was ten. He talks about how he would start at five in the morning and stopped at nine. He had one period of 40 minutes in the 16 hours at noon for a meal. If the people in the factories started to get tired they were often whipped. He tells how he had no time for school, he can read but he can’t write. People were in these factories for so long they had no education that was needed for life. He had no knowledge about books or education things. Another way the negative outweighs the positive is that pollution was caused that has made the world worse. It can’t be changed. In the excerpt from the conditions of working class, it talks about how filthy the streets were. It says in the excerpt â€Å"the streets are usually unpaved, full of holes, filthy, and strewn with refuse. Since they have neither gutters nor drains, the refuse accumulates in stagnant, sinking puddles. † The world was very polluted and caused horrible living conditions for people. Lastly, even though people were getting more money, there wasn’t enough people for housing for them people to live. Because so many people wanted jobs, cities were becoming overcrowded. There is no point in having money for a house when the city is too crowded for one. The Industrial Revolution had many negative and positive conditions. Out of all the effects the negative effects outweighed the positive. As you DNA see the Industrial Revolution had many positive effects like creating jobs for people, creating cheaper mass-production and child labor laws were later created. The Industrial Revolution had many negative effects like injuries and decreased and pollution was created. If the negative effects weren’t so bad as they were, like people dying on the job and working conditions weren’t so bad then the positive effects would have outweighed the negative. people would have loved much longer. How to cite Industrial Revolution Dbq, Essay examples

Reflective Case Study for Influence Decision Making- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflective Case Study for Influence Decision Making. Answer: Introduction One of the most basic processes of any Company is decision making. Decision making is highly crucial since undesirable conditions may arise due to wrong decisions are taken by a Company. Positive results can be expected if decisions are carefully taken and vice versa. Hence a Company should take decision after considering the consequences of the relation. A good number of factors need to be considered while taking a particular decision. In this reflective case study, the process and outcome of decision making of an organization have been analyzed and described from personal experience. This report consists of 4 major parts, namely, case description, method of taking the decision, evolution of the decision taken and finally, the conclusion. Description of the Case The case is associated with Model School. Two years ago, with 12 students, the mentioned school started the BTEC course. The students who enrolled for the mentioned code were below average. In spite of the fact that they used to attend the school daily, they were unable to perform well and follow the instructions given by the teacher due to lack of obedience. The students stated that they found the assignments too tough to complete and hence they lost interest to complete the given assignments. Along with the BTEC module which, by itself is equivalent to three subjects, the BTEC students had English, Dhivehi, Mathematics and Islam as their four compulsory subjects. The teachers of BTEC course complained that even after frequent meetings with the parents of the students the reluctant nature of the students did not change. The reluctant behavior of the students along with their inappropriate behavior and disobedience was affecting the environment of the school since they were often found to be wandering around the school premises during the session time. This had become a subject of huge concern for the teachers and principal of the school since it was imposing a highly negative impact on the school as well as on the teachers. According to the policy of the mentioned school, if any student is not found to achieve satisfactory grade bellow tenth grade, he or she should get enrolled in Dhasvaaru. The rule of Dhasvaaru is that students, who have been enrolled in it, have to leave all stream subjects and have to study the four compulsory subjects only. In addition to that, they have to attain the vocational site chosen by the school where training is provided on the basis of their curiosity, interest and talent. The students have to attend the vocational site thrice a week and the remaining two days are for attending the school. Considering the fact that the above mentioned students were unable to achieve satisfactory grade before tenth, the school decided to enroll them for Dhasvaaru. The decision was taken by a team that includes the school Principle, PTA Vice president, leading teachers and BTEC teachers of the school. However, when it came to the knowledge of the students and their parents, they strongly o pposed the decision of the school and became outrageous. According to them, the school had not informed about the policy of Dhasvaaru to the parents of the students earlier. The parents stated that, if they were warned priory by the school, they would have taken the matter more seriously. Finally, they warned the principle by stating that they would approach the Educational Ministry if the school executes their decision of enrolling the students to Dhasvaaru. However, surprisingly, the attitude of the students changed drastically after the meeting. The students started performing better and achieved better marks in all the compulsory subjects compared to their previous grades. Along with that, there was surprising improvement in the behavior of the students. Teachers who priory faced difficulties while managing the class reported that they were able to take the class comfortably over the last two months after the last parent-teacher meeting was conducted. Thus the decision taken by the management of the school was highly appreciated by the teachers since it seemed that it has solved the issue. Discussion After analyzing the case study, I found that there were several reasons behind the decision taken by the management of the above mentioned school. Firstly, the students were not following the instructions provided by the teachers and were showing disobedience. Besides that,, the behavior of the students towards the teacher was not disruptive. Even during the session, they were found to be roaming in the school premises. In spite of several efforts of improving the situation, the student had shown no significant changes. In the fifth week of the same academic year, before the decision of enrolling the students to Dhasveera was taken, the principle organized a meeting with the meeting with the management and teachers to find out why the students were not able to complete the tasks maintain the discipline of the school and perform well in the school. A prolonged discussion was conducted and it was found that the students did not possess the ability to perform the given assignment and as a result, they avoid the given tasks and preferred to sit idle instead. Thus the chief issue was identified by the management and then the teachers elaborated how the students disobey and misbehave with them during the session. According to the administrative and classical models, before taking any decision, the first step should be identification of the issue. The decision making management of the school followed the above mentioned model and firstly identified and diagnosed the issue. According to researchers, decisio n making helps an individual to find out the ways of solving the problem and make necessary improvements. In order to understand the effective process of tackling the issue, proper diagnosis and analysis of the issue should be performed. After finding out the reason behind the issue, the goals of the education ministry was shared by the principal to the students who were performing OLevel that year. The circulation from the Educational Ministry states that, in order to pass the OLevel, students should at least pass three subjects. According to the circular, at least 80 percent students of all the schools of Maldives should pass in five and more subjects. According to Hoy and Miskel, (2011), Goals are the desired ends that organizational behavior. According to them, goals are important since they play a major role in decision making, task specification, influencing the formal structure , designing the decision an guiding the allocation o the resources. Apart from that, the principle stated the expectation of the school from the above mentioned students. This, in turn, enabled the teachers to come out with the choices which the student should be provided with. Considering the fact that the students have to meet the goa l within a very limited amount of time, two chief ideas stated below were considered effective. The students would be given extra help by a group of teachers so that they could complete all the given assignments in a limited period of time. Considering the fact that the students have not received satisfactory marks, they should be sent to the Dhasvaaru program. One of the most crucial parts of decision making is that it evolves choices. The process of decision making involves an effective choice of an option from a series of options, keeping in mind the situation, strategies and criteria. According to Kinick and Williams, (2008), decision making is a process of effectively identifying a course of option from a series of available options. Among the two options, the principle selected the second one. The chief reason behind selecting the second option was lack of time. The students did not have enough time to complete all the assignments since they had to sit for the exam that year. Hence the management thought that it will be beneficial for the students if they were enrolled in the Dhasvaaru program. According to Vroom and Yetton, (1973), this type of decision making is an example of informed-autocratic decision making style. In the autocratic decision making style, the decision is taken by the leader unilaterally, after necessary information is obtained from the subordinates. Following this model, the decision taken in this scenario was by the principal who can be considered as the leader and discussion was held prior to the decision making and alternatives are also there to choose from. Although the principal was aware of the fact that the parents would create issues when they would come to know about his decision, the principal finalized the decision kipping in mind the long term benefit and the performance of the students in the past. According to Hoy and Miskel, (2008), decision making should be always based on facts and discipline instead of emotional factors. From the decision taken, we can clearly understand that the above mentioned school is based on the social system. The social system is considered to be goal oriented. Although control and learning are considered to be the two major goals during the student life, the chief goal of a school is to prepare each and every student for adult life. The students will be able to learn real life task in the Dhasvaara program. This, in turn, will enable the students to get prepared for the upcoming life and thus the chief goal of the school as well as the Ministry will be served. Since the decision was not taken only by the principle but by the management which includes the BTEC and leading teachers and the vice president of the school, the quality of the decision got enhanced (Hoy and Miskel, 2008). According to Kimpkoech and Chesire, (2011), teachers participation in decision making is necessary to enhance the quality and achieve goals of an academic institution. Decision making through democratic setup is highly beneficial because of the five advantages namely, different perspective, a greater pool of knowledge, better reasoning and understanding of the decision and finally enhanced commitment to the decision (Kinick and Williams, 2008, p. 240). From the decision taken by the principle, we can understand that the principal had used his cognitive skills that is, his expertise and knowledge while taking the decision. Cognition can be defined as a persons ability to use his mental skills in order to understand the job in terms of knowledge, perception and behavior. Cognitive skill of the principle is the result of his expertise and experience. Since the principal is running the school for a prolonged time of 12 years, the principle can be considered as highly experienced. It has been found that the students of Model School, who had been sent to Dhasvaaru have done really well in OLevel. For instance, out of 11 students who have been sent to Dashvarru by the principle in 2016, 9 students have passed in all the 4 subjects along with the Dhasvaaru Modules. Hence it can be said that the decision in principle can be trusted. The researcher has found that several numbers of cognitive bias influence the decision making. Sometimes, decision maker tends to rely more on their past experiences and expected outcomes rather than current observations and information (Dietrich, 2010). Being one of the best schools in Addu City, it was really crucial for the principle of Model School, to retain the reputation of the school. If the students were allowed to give the BTEC exam in spite of their terrible educational condition, a higher probability is there that they would fail in the exam. This will impose a highly negative impact on the reputation of the school. On the other hand, sending the student to Dhasvaaru would not only ensure a better result but would also enhance the probability of betterment of their performance in the real life. Thus, this situation can be defined as an example of social system where the society impose a great impact on the decision making (Majid et al., 2010). Considering the fact that the above mentioned school a well as the Ministry are trying to enhance the number of students who will pass in the entire five subjects by 80 percent, the decision of the principal to enroll the students to Dhasvaaru can be considered as a big step towards the goal of the school and the Ministry. Evaluation The principal of a school is considered as the administrator who has the sole responsibility for the operations of the school. According to Majid et al. (2010), one of the most crucial duties of the principle includes supervision of the education of the students. Other responsibilities of the principle include answering the higher officers and state education directors from the Ministry of education and maintaining good relationships with the parents of the students as well as the teachers. From the decision taken by the principal, we can understand that the principle of model school had followed all the duties during the decision making process. The fact that the principle efficiently looks after the educational performance of the students can be clearly understood since the decision was taken due to the low performance of the students. The decision was taken also shows that the principal has tried to maintain the reputation of Model school as well as attain the goal of the Ministry of education. Along with that, we can see that the principle alone had not taken the decision. He had taken the suggestion of the leading and BTEC teachers along with the PTA Vice president before finalizing the decision. This shows the effort of the principal to maintain a good relationship with the teachers. There are two types of decision making processes, namely classical and administrative decision making process (Kinicki and Williams, 2008). Classical decision making process includes problem identification, the establishment of objectives, generation of possible alternatives, consideration of the consequences of the alternatives, evaluation of the alternatives on the basis of objectives, selecting the best option and finally implementing the decision. It can be understood that the decision was taken following the classical decision making process. However, during the selection of the best option among the alternatives, administrative decision making process was used. Majid et al., (2010) stated that often in an organization, a group of people tries to use the power to attain personal benefits or goal. In this case, the principal, being the chief administration had the power to take the decision all by him. In spite of that, he incorporated all the necessary member who will be influenced by the decision, directly or indirectly. Thus the transparency of the decision making method the principal can be understood. The goal set by the principal is to enhance the number of students who will pass in all the 5 compulsory subjects in the O level by 80 percent in the current year. Besides that, the above mentioned students were sent to the Dashvaaru in order to enhance their education skill that would gradually bring success in the future. Thus we can understand that the school follows the social system in order to achieve goals that include effective enhancement of the knowledge of the student so that they can deal with the future challenges (Hoy and Miskel, 2008). . The principle used his cognitive skills to take an effective decision. He understood that the students would be unable to pass the BTEC examination and it would be better for them to gather knowledge from Dhasvaaru. This will help them to gain competitive advantages n future. Along with classical model of decision making, the principal had taken the help of shared and participatory decision making process. According to Tibebu, (2011), the act of participatory decision making include sharing decisions with other individuals to achieve the goal. The principal took the decision to achieve the goal of the school as well as of the Ministry of education. The administrative model of decision making could also be used in order to deal with the issue. Hoy and Miskel, (2008), stated that since the capacity of the human mind is limited, it is practically impossible to implement an optimizing strategy, that is, classical model in order to solve complex organizational issues. An administrative model is satisfactory in such cases since it provides a more accurate way of decision making. The steps of administrative model are as follows: Recognition of the issue Analysis of the difficulties Establishment of criteria for satisfactory results Development of strategies to execute Developing an effective plan of action after evaluation of the outcomes (Hoy and Miskel,2008) From the above discussion it can be stated that the although initially, the parents of the mentioned student were not accepting the decision of the principal, the positive result within two months of the decision making process proved that the decision taken by the principle was efficient and has long term benefits. All the leading and BTEC teachers are now looking forward to evidence a commendable success of the students and the school as well as the Ministry is expected to approach its goal designed for the OLevel the current year. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that the principal has chiefly incorporated the classical model of decision making in the given case study. After analyzing the options available to solve the issue faced by the school, the principal and his management team had chosen the most optimized option and developed strategies on the basis of the option chosen. The option was chosen to keep in mind the ultimate goal of the school as well as the Ministry of education. Finally, from the positive outcome of the decision, it was proved that the decision taken was highly effective. While the classical model was used to take the decision, the administrative model of decision making could also be used by the school in order to obtain a satisfactory result. It can be clearly understood that models of decision making should be chosen to keep accordance with the complexity of the issues. Finally, it can be said that being a crucial aspect of academic institutions, decision making should be considered carefully. Reference List: Dietrich, C. (2010). "Decision Making: Factors that Influence Decision Making, Heuristics Used, and Decision Outcomes."InquiriesJournal/Student Pulse,2(02). Retrieved, March 10, 2017, from Hoy and Miskel(2008). Education administration (8th Edition) https://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=180 Khandwalla, P,N.(2009).Organizational Designs four Excellence. Tata McGraw Hill Education private Limited. New Delhi Kinicki, A. Williams, B, K. (2008).Management: A practical Introduction(3rd ed.).New York, McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kipkoech,L,C.Chesire,S.(2011) The levels of teachers involvement in managerial decision making in schools in Kenya: Problems of education in the 21stcentury,34(34): 7987. Majid,R.A.,Salleh,N.M.,Alias,A., Taher,M,M,H.(2010) Foundations of Educational Administration. Open University Malaysia, Person, Prentice Hall. Ministry of Education Circular 22-E/CIR/2017. Tibebu, L. (2011). The Role of Principals in participative decision-making Practice: The case of Government Secondary schools of Hawassa town in SNNPR. M.A. Thesis. Haramaya University, Ethiopia. Tshomela, S .M. (2008). Teacher participation in decision-making in secondary schools at Sayidi circuit. Retrived,March 10,2017, from https://libserv5.tut.ac.za:7780/pls/eres/wpg_docload.download_file?p_filename=F770876892/Tsh omela%20SM%20Chapters.pdf Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Patel, S., Patel, D. (2004). A layered reference model of the brain (LRMB). IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (C), 36(2), 124-133.

Scarlet Essays (656 words) - English-language Films,

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne And Sin For thousands of years, humans have confronted their sinfulness. Some trust in their religious faith to help with their struggles, some sin more to hide the truth. But in the end, man must stand alone ? as a sinful creature before God. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale has a difficult time finding a place to relieve his sin. The Scarlet Letter's scaffold is a place for the protagonist to find peace with himself. That scaffold holds more importance than just somewhere to condemn prisoners. It is the one place where Dimmesdale felt liberated to say anything he wishes. In Puritan culture, the scaffold is used to humiliate and chastise prisoners, be it witches at the stake, thieves in the stocks, or a murderer hanging from the gallows. In The Scarlet Letter, the scaffold was viewed more as a place of judgement. "Meagre ... was the sympathy that a transgressor might look for, from such bystanders, at the scaffold." (p. 63) Indeed, it was used for castigation, but it was also a place of trial: Hester's trial was held at the scaffold. Standing upon the platform opens oneself to God and to the world. "They stood in the noon of that strange and solemn splendor, as if it were the light that is to reveal all secrets, and the daybreak that shall unite all who belong to one another." (p. 186) Being on the scaffold puts oneself in a feeling of spiritual nakedness- where you feel exposed to God, but cleansed. It was the one place where Dimmesdale could find complete reconciliation. Witnessing such an event as reconciliation is quite a fascinating experience. But without knowing what is going on, it can also be quite horrifying. "Without any effort of his will, or power to restrain himself, he [Dimmesdale] shrieked aloud: an outcry that went pealing through the night, and was beaten back from one house to another, and reverberated from the hills in the background; as if a company of devils, detecting so much misery and terror in it, had made a plaything of the sound, and were bandying it to and fro." (pp. 178-9) Indeed, the townsfolk felt the latter. "Drowsy slumberers mistook the cry either for something frightful in a dream, or for the noise of witches."(p. 179) They did not understand that this was his reconciliation. Both Governor Bellingham and Mistress Hibbens had awoken to the frightful sound and looked from their house in investigation. When they perceived it was the Reverend in another of his midnight vigils rather than a cry for help, they stumbled right back to their sleeping chambers. Along with this inquisitive attention from onlookers, came the looks of disdain, from Chillingworth and others. "Smiling on her [Hester]; a smile which -- across the wide and bustling square, and through all the talk and laughter, and various thoughts, moods, and interests of the crowd -- conveyed secret and fearful meaning." (p. 284) Chillingworth might of had other plans, but after hearing what Dimmesdale had to say, Chillingworth thrust himself to his knees and admit defeat. Although he was a sick man, Dimmesdale's struggle was not for life, but for repentance. In fact, his mental anguish of sin is what had caused his illness. Dimmesdale would spend some nights scourging himself, just himself and a whip-like punishment device. He felt it critical to admit his sin to himself and to his community and brethren "... The Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale turned to the dignified and venerable rulers; to the holy ministers, ... as knowing that some deep life-matter -- which, if full of sin, ... was now to be laid open to them." (pp. 306) This act of declaring his sin is one step closer to salvation. The scaffold provides a perfect venue to stand before God with everything before oneself. Dimmesdale stood before God and his community and chose to "sink upon the scaffold. Hester partly raised him, and supported his head against her bosom. Old Roger Chillingworth knelt down beside him, with a blank, dull countenance, out of which the life seemed to have departed." (p. 308) On the scaffold, Dimmesdale openly brought his sin to light and felt restored.

The Impact Engel v. Vitale Had On Prayer in Schools

The Impact Engel v. Vitale Had On Prayer in Schools What authority, if any, does the U.S. government have when it comes to religious rituals like prayers? The Engel v. Vitale Supreme Court decision of 1962 deals with this very question. The  Supreme Court ruled 6 to 1 that it was unconstitutional for a government agency like a school or government agents like public school employees to require students to recite prayers. Heres how this ultimately important church vs. state decision evolved and how it ended up before the Supreme Court. Fast Facts: Engel v. Vitale Case Argued: April 3, 1962Decision Issued:  June 25, 1962Petitioner: Steven I. Engel, et alRespondent:   William J. Vitale, Jr., et alKey Question: Does recitation of a nondenominational prayer at the beginning of the school day violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Harlan, Clark, and BrennanDissenting: Justice StewartRuling: Even if the prayer is not nondenominational nor is participation mandatory, the state cannot sponsor prayer in public schools. Engel v. Vitale and the New York Board of Regents The New York State Board of Regents, which had supervisory power over New York public schools began a program of â€Å"moral and spiritual training† in the schools which included a daily prayer. The Regents themselves composed the prayer, in what was intended to be a non-denominational format. Labeled the â€Å"To whom it may concern† prayer by one commentator, it stated: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. But some parents objected, and the American Civil Liberties Union joined with 10 of the parents in a suit against the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York.  Amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs were filed by the American Ethical Union, the American Jewish Committee and the Synagogue Council of America supporting the lawsuit, which sought to remove the prayer requirement. Both the state court and the New York Court of Appeals allowed the prayer to be recited. Who Was Engel? Richard Engel was one of the parents who objected to the prayer and filed the initial lawsuit. Engel has often said that his name became part of the decision only because it came ahead of the other parents names alphabetically on the list of plaintiffs. Engel and the other parents said their children endured taunting at school because of the lawsuit, and that he and other plaintiffs received threatening phone calls and letters while the suit made its way through the courts. Supreme Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale In his majority opinion, Justice Hugo Black sided substantially with the arguments of the separationists, who quoted heavily from Thomas Jefferson and made extensive use of his â€Å"wall of separation† metaphor. Particular emphasis was placed upon James Madison’s â€Å"Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments.† The decision was 6-1 because Justices Felix Frankfurter and Byron White did not take part (Frankfurter had suffered a stroke). Justice Stewart Potter was the sole dissenting vote.   According to Blacks majority opinion, any prayer created by the government was akin to the English creation of the Book of Common Prayer. The Pilgrims came to America originally to avoid exactly this type of relationship between government and organized religion. In Blacks words, the prayer was â€Å"a practice wholly inconsistent with the Establishment Clause.† Although the Regents argued that there was no compulsion on students to recite the prayer, Black observed that: Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observances on the part of students is voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment clause. What Is the Establishment Clause? This is the portion of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution which  prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. In the Engel v. Vitale case, Black wrote that the Establishment clause is violated regardless of whether there is any â€Å"showing of direct government compulsion...whether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing individuals or not.† Black pointed out that the decision showed great respect for religion, not hostility: It is neither sacrilegious nor antireligious to say that each separate government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious function to the people themselves and to those the people choose to look to for religious guidance. Significance of Engel v. Vitale This case was one of the first in a series of cases in which a variety of religious activities sponsored by the government were found to violate the Establishment Clause. This was the first case which effectively prohibited the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayer in schools. Engel v. Vitale got the ball rolling on separation of church and state issues in the latter half of the 20th century.

Design a project that address a specific social issue.the project is Essay

Design a project that address a specific social issue.the project is activity day center for people ages 65 and over - Essay Example England has about four thousand six hundred adult day care centres in operation providing care to a total of 13 elderly people in England on a daily basis. Over seventy percent of these adult day care centres operate on a not for profit or public basis. Most funding for the operation of these centres mainly comes from participant fees, third party payers, and philanthropic sources. Adult day care is a service given to the frail, physically or cognitively impaired adults, seniors, and their caregivers. Some of the centres are associated with multi service entities like home care, assisted living, nursing facilities, and hospitals. Adult day care programs provide adults with services in a community based group setting. These programs are generally geared towards providing day time social and health services to the elderly who require supervised care away from the home such as transportation for daily needs, meals and snacks with provisions for special dietary needs, programs for stimulating activities, opportunities for social interaction with peers and mental stimulation, physical, occupational, and speech therapy in a non medical setting, and help with activities for daily needs. The main purpose of Veo Activity day Centre is to assist the elderly to prevent social isolation and loneliness. The reduction of social interaction difficulties that older people face, may be countered by activities that the centre will provide such as arts and craft, dancing, quiz puzzles, board games, walks and tours, singing, and flower arrangement. The aim of of Veo Activity centre will be to motivate the people over sixty five years by encouraging them to participate in the planning of activities within the centre, and to assist those with disabilities to be independent and socially integrated thus giving respite to those closer to them such as relatives and carers. Veo Activity day Centre will have a project

Sample content for either a book or magazine of your invention plus an Essay

Sample content for either a book or magazine of your invention plus an indicative publishing plan and a critical reflection - Essay Example R. (2003 is first ensuring that data stored in the computer is safely stored and only accessible to the people who have been authorized. This can be done by ensuring that your computer is locked with a not only a password but a strong password. A strong password is a password that is at least eight characters long. It should include a mixture of numeric, alphanumeric and symbols. Alphanumeric should include both uppercase and lowercase letters (Caldwell, 2003). The second thing to ensuring that your computer is safe is employing the use of an anti-virus. The anti-virus will according to Kaspersky lab, ensure that your computer is safe from viruses, worms, malicious codes and any suspicious software that are likely to affect the normal functioning of your computer (Caldwell, 2003). The anti-virus is capable of removing the malicious software from your computer. Not only should you ensure that you have an anti-virus, but also ensure that the anti-virus you choose to incorporate in your system in compatible with the computer programs installed. You should ensure also that the anti-virus’ performance is capable of reaching up to your personal needs and specifications. Ensuring that your computer programs and the operating system are up to date is also another way of ensuring that your computer stays safe. By keeping your operating system up to date for example, this will have the effect of ensuring that the security flaws that were present in the previous version are patched up. One should also ensure that their anti-virus software are up to date. This will give the computer users the confidence that their system will be free from any emerging viruses in the internet (Caldwell, 2003). In order for one to ensure security on-line, (Shneiderman, 2000) they have to ensure that their firewalls are turned on. A firewall is software that controls the traffic being received and being transmitted by a computer. It will help the user in

Mini leadership assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini leadership assigment - Assignment Example Likewise, this brief analysis will consider the case of Robert Webb as a function of the key decisions and actions he has made within Hilton Hotels. As stated, one of the primary goals that motivated Robert Webb was a desire to streamline and update the Hilton Hotel brand. However, rather than falling into a pitfall of making broad and sweeping changes straight away with careful insight and collaboration with key shareholders, Webb slowly delved into the issue; utilizing both a top down and a bottom up approach (Press Release 2009). In this way, Webb typified the very definition of good leadership by exhibiting his keen levels of awareness by carefully communicating and listening to key shareholders (Aptio Highlight 2012). Similarly, by taking such an approach, Webb was able to lead from below rather than dictate from the top. Due to the support and shareholder buy-in, Webb’s changes became that much easier to institute company wide. A particularly unique concept of how Robert Webb engages with his shareholders is his primary emphasis on the communication process as a means of differentiating the needs and positions of key shareholders as a way of making an informed decision based upon the facts (Hickins 2012). Whereas many flawed leaders are quick to rush to judgment based on incomplete information and still others are fearful to act on any type of information for fear of making a mistake, Webb appears to split the difference between such positions nicely be actively seeking out knowledge and input from his shareholders and then after considering this at length – acting upon it. Says Webb of this process: â€Å"We’re only able to solve this with truthful, honest communication,† Webb says. â€Å"When people say ‘This is hard, I’m not sure I’m with you anymore,’ you need to get everyone to remember it’s about one team, one vision, and let’s get

How To Develop Pricing Strategy For A Product Marketing Essay

How To Develop Pricing Strategy For A Product Marketing Essay This Paper tries to link between the first two components of a marketing mix: product strategy and pricing strategy. In order to help decision makers to define the optimum pricing strategy for product mix. Marketers broadly define a product as a bundle of physical, service, and symbolic attributes designed to satisfy consumer wants. Therefore, product strategy involves considerably more than producing a physical good or service. It is a total product concept that includes decisions about package design, brand name, trademarks, warranties, guarantees, product image, and new-product development. The second element of the marketing mix is pricing strategy. Price is the exchange value of a good or service. An item is worth only what someone else is willing to pay for it. In a primitive society, the exchange value may be determined by trading a good for some other commodity. Pricing strategy deals with the multitude of factors that influence the setting of a price. Table of Contents Introduction This paper will review each of the variables that affect the optimum pricing strategies of a product, the researcher will start with defining The product and exploring how product classification can affect the product mix decision in the firm, then researcher will study the product life cycle and how it can affect the pricing and marketing strategies during the different stages of the cycle. Secondly the researcher will tackle the pricing as one of the marketing strategies and what can affect the pricing strategy either internally from inside the firm or externally from outside the firm, finally researcher will define the linkage between pricing strategy, marketing strategy and the product mix. Problem Statement How to define the optimum pricing strategy for product mix as part of the firm marketing strategy Research Questions What is a product and how product classification can affect the Product mix decision for a firm? What is the linkage between the product life cycle and marketing strategy? What are the different pricing objectives? What factors are affecting the pricing strategy for a product? What is the linkage between pricing strategy, product and marketing strategy? Marketing Strategies Marketing Planning begins with formulating an offering to meet target customers needs or wants, where the customer will judge this offering by mainly two elements; product features and quality, and price. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Before a new product launch, marketers create marketing programs to maximize the chance of success. This is often a challenging managerial decision because, to set the appropriate pricing levels, managers must have reliable estimates as to how sales would respond to different levels of a marketing-mix variable. (JACKIE LUAN SUDHIR, 2010). The long term performance of mature product will be affected by the integrated marketing strategy including pricing (BERK ATAMAN, VAN HEERDE, MELA, 2010). Product Product is no more a tangible offering, but it can be more than that, Product can be anything that is offered to a market to satisfy a want or a need, including physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas. (Kotler Keller, 2009) There are many aspects of product development to consider. A product or service has features: function, appearance, packing, and guarantees of performance that help people solve problems. When designing a product, marketers should address the issue of product classes. (Smith Strand, 2008) Product Classification Products are classified on the basis of; durability, tangibility and use (consumer or industrial), where each product type has its appropriate marketing strategy. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Durability and Tangibility: The products can be sub-classified into three categories according to the durability and tangibility; where goods can be either nondurable goods, durable goods or a service. Nondurable Goods will be tangible, normally consumed in one or a few uses and they are purchased frequently, such as soap. Durable Goods are tangible goods that survive many uses, such as refrigerators. Services are intangible, inseparable and perishable products. Consumer Goods Classification: According to the consumers shopping habits; products can be sub-classified into convenience, shopping, specialty, and unsought products. Consumer purchase Convenience Goods frequently and with minimum efforts such as soaps and soft drinks. When the consumer characteristically compare on bases of suitability, quality and price, this is a Shopping Goods such as furniture. Specialty Goods are goods with unique characteristics for which a sufficient numbers of consumers are willing to make a special purchasing effort such as sportive cars. There are another category of goods that consumer doesnt normally think of buying such as life insurance which is classified as Unsought Goods. Industrial Goods Classification: According to the goods relative cost and how they enter the production process; Industrial goods can be sub classified into Material and Parts, Capital Items, and Supplies and Business Services. Material and Parts are goods that enter the manufacturers product completely such as raw materials. Capital Items are long lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished products, such as buildings and heavy equipment. Supplies and Business Services are short-term goods and services that facilitate developing or managing the finished goods, such as maintenance and repair. Product Mix The Product Mix is the totality of product lines offered by a company. Product mix decisions involve varying their width, depth and consistency. Mix width refers to the number of different product lines the company carries. Mix consistency includes assessing the relationship between product lines in terms of common end uses, prices, distribution outlets and markets served. (Clemente, 2002) Before a new product launch, marketers have to create marketing programs to maximize the chance of success. In other words, they must forecast the market responsiveness to various marketing-mix variables. Although there is substantial literature on new product sales forecasting, there has been scant research related to forecasting marketing-mix responsiveness before a new product launch. (JACKIE LUAN SUDHIR, 2010) Determining the product-mix is one of the most important decisions relating to planning. Such decision implies utilizing limited resources to maximize the net value of the output from the production facilities. The quantity produced from each product in a certain time period results in utilizing certain resources for that time, consuming certain amount of raw materials, using certain labor skills and various production centers, and so on. The objective of the product-mix decision in the overall production plan is to find the product mix and the production program that maximizes the total contribution to profit/throughput subject to constraints imposed by resource limitations, market demand, and sales forecast. (Al-Aomar, 2000) The product designer should take into account both marketing and engineering considerations concurrently in a product line design. (LUO, 2011) Linkage between Product Classification and Product Mix In offering a product line, companies should offer basic platform of products and modules that can be added to meet different customers requirements, this approach enables companies to offer variety of products and to lower their production cost, therefore; each product line manager has to know the sales and profits of each item in his product line in order to determine which product mix strategy to implement, and to know which items to build, maintain, harvest, or divest. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Product classification has implication on how companies will formulate their product mixtures and what marketing strategies will be applied per each product mix, knowing at what class is the product along with well orientation of the product mix will be positively beneficial for both to the producer as well as to the consumers. The followings are some relations between product classification and product mix. (ADEOTI, 2010) Durability and Tangibility Classification and Product Mix: For durable and non-durable goods, there is a reflection on the life expectancy of the product. These classifications have strategic implications to the producer. Durable products are purchased infrequently and require personal selling. Perishable products need speedy distribution and luxury goods can be priced highly. Consumer Goods Classification and Product Mix: Convenience goods could be staples like food items bought on regular basis often by habit. It could also be impulsive items which are purchased, not because of planning but because of strongly felt need. It could also be emergency products which are needed to solve an immediate crisis. Brand Name would be very important for staple products while impulse products require a captivating packaging signal that will attract the consumers. For emergency products the consumers are less sensitive to price, therefore it is a circumstantial product. The understanding, of the buying behavior of the consumers for each of these sub-categories of convenience goods and the product characteristics will inform the producer on the appropriate marketing strategy options to be taken for higher returns. Shopping goods are bought rather infrequently and are used up very slowly. For homogenous shopping goods the prices should be relatively in the same range with other products in the same homogenous shopping goods category. For heterogeneous shopping goods consumers should consider the tangible features of these products and the associated services on offer before making a buying decision. Consumers are not usually sensitive to prices of heterogeneous shopping goods provided the product has some demonstrable advantage over its competitors. Promotional activity for this category of shopping goods should focus on pointing out unique attributes of the product rather than low prices. Specialty goods are products that have no acceptable substitutes in the mind of the consumer, where the uniqueness and superiority of the Specialty product stems from unrivalled quality superiority or design exclusivity. Specialty brands are what should be created. Producer should be encouraged by this superiority complex of the buyers and should not demean the quality. Consumers of such products are insensitive to price. Hence the mark up could be high for the targeted market, for unsought products, the consumer has no felt need for it. Many new products fall into this category, until their usefulness is known the consumer is not disposed to buying them. Personal selling and wide advertisement is required for unsought goods. There may be a need to even launch the product officially in the market place. Industrial Goods Classification and Product Mix: Installations goods are long-lasting products that are not bought very often. The number of potential buyers at any given time is usually small. These consist of buildings and fixed equipment. The producer must design it to specification and to supply post sale services. Accessory equipment; these comprise of portable factory equipment and tools. This equipment does not become part of the finished product; they simply help in the production process. Quality features, price and services are major considerations in vendor selection. Raw materials; these are goods that have been produced only enough to make handling convenient and safe. They enter the manufacturing process basically in their natural state. They originate either from agriculture or from industries such as mining and lumbering. Examples are cotton, man cue, crude oil and most farm produce. Fabricating materials; these undergo some degree of initial processing before they enter the product manufacturing process. This may be a relatively basic step such as changing iron ore into pig iron or wheat into flour. In other cases an ingredient may be completely prefabricated, such as an automobile tire or an electric motor for home appliance. The more complicated a product is, the more likely it is to contain both raw and fabricating materials. Facilitating goods; these are operating supplies that are used up in the operation of the firm but do not become part of the product. They are usually budgeted as expenses and have short life. The purpose of such goods is to keep the foundation goods functioning properly and to help in the handling and supply of the entering goods. Examples are lubricating oil; saw blades, cider forms and labels. The Product Life Cycle Product life-cycle (PLC) like human beings, products also have an arc. From birth to death, human beings pass through various stages e.g. birth, growth, maturity, decline and death. A similar life-cycle is seen in the case of products. The product life cycle goes through multiple phases, involves many professional disciplines, and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product life cycle (PLC) has to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures. (Niemann, Tichkiewitch, Westkà ¤mper, 2008) Product value and life are usually expected to follow the product life cycle (PLC), wherein products are expected to move from an investment toward a profitable mature peak that ends when the product is phased out. However; Christiansen et al assume that the value of a product is relational and that relationships between products and consumers are created, broken, and recreated. Value creation is a never-ending process, in that the product should be considered to be a process by which value constructions are constantly negotiated in actor networks. (Christiansen, Varnes, Gasparin, Storm-Nielsen, Vinther, 2010) Christiansen et al (2010) have concluded some actors that make the product timeless: Flexibility and adaptability that make it possible for the product to travel to new places and participate in new qualification processes and attach to new actors and be part of new networks. The ability to connect to different networks simultaneously as part of a network that stresses the high-end market attaching to the need for having a distinctive product to some, being a classical piece of sculpture-furniture to others and being related to contemporary artistic expressions to yet others. A strong core that provides the product with a unique and significant identity or expression, allowing for temporal interpretations or additions and modifications. Framing devices that help to position the product in settings that continue to present the product as relevant and useful in changing networks in a context in which others are constantly trying to get customers to attach to other networks. Serendipity-as fortune and misfortune cannot be accurately predicted or calculated when the out- come is a product of multiple connections over long time spans among potentially numerous human and non-human actors. Linkage between Product Life Cycle and marketing Strategies The product life cycle concept provides important insights for the marketing planner in anticipating developments throughout the various stages of a products life. Knowledge that profits assume a predictable pattern through the stages and that promotional emphasis must shift from product information in the early stages to heavy promotion of competing brands in the later ones should improve product planning decisions. Since marketing programs will be modified at each stage in the life cycle, an understanding of the characteristics of all four product life cycle stages is critical in formulating successful strategies. (Skidmore, 2005) Skidmore (2005) has divided the product life cycle into mainly four stages; Introduction Stage In the early stages of the product life cycle, the firm attempts to promote demand for its new market offering. Because neither consumers nor distributors may be aware of the product, marketers must use promotional programs to inform the market of the items availability and explain its features, uses, and benefits. New-product development and introductory promotional campaigns are expensive and commonly lead to losses in the first stage of the product life cycle. Yet these expenditures are necessary if the firm is to profit later. Growth Sales climb quickly during the products growth stage as new customers join the early users who are now repurchasing the item. Person-to-person referrals and continued advertising by the firm induce others to make trial purchases. The company also begins to earn profits on the new product. But this encourages competitors to enter the field with similar offerings. Price competition appears in the growth stage, and total industry profits peak in the later part of this stage. To gain a larger share of a growing market, firms may develop different versions of a product to target specific segments. Maturity Industry sales at first increase in the maturity stage, but eventually reach a saturation level at which further expansion is difficult. Competition also intensifies, increasing the availability of the product. Firms concentrate on capturing competitors customers, often dropping prices to further their appeal. Sales volume fades late in the maturity stage, and some of the weaker competitors leave the market. Firms spend heavily on promoting mature products to protect their market share and to distinguish their products from those of competitors. Decline Sales continue to fall in the decline stage of the product life cycle. Profits also decline and may become losses as further price cutting occurs in the reduced market for the item. The decline stage is usually caused by a product innovation or a shift in consumer preferences. The decline stage of an old product can also be the growth stage for a new product. Pricing The meaning of the price is broader than the traditional definition The price of a product or service is the number of monetary units a customer has to pay to receive one unit of that product or service. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Blois et al (2000) have believed more in Hurt and Speh definition of the pricing where they believe that the cost of an industrial good includes much more than the sellers price, where they have concluded that implications of pricing is crucial to managers facing the pricing decision, therefore decision-makers have to consider the multidimensional view on prices. Additionally they have to recognize that complex pricing schemes may be needed, including a system of prices for different types of customers, product packages, and time periods. This observation is the essence of strategic pricing. Pricing strategy STRATEGY is the means by which an organization seeks to achieve its objectives (Adrian., 2000) Adrian (2000) explained how Strategic decisions about pricing cannot be made in isolation from other strategic marketing decisions, so, for example, a strategy that seeks a premium price position must be matched by product development strategy that creates a superior product and a promotional strategy that establishes in buyers minds the value that the product offers. Adrian (2000) then explained the relation between pricing strategy and the concept of positioning, where a strategy that combined high price with low quality may be regarded by customers as poor value and they are likely to desert such companies where they have a choice of suppliers. For most companies, such a strategy is not sustainable. A high quality/low price strategic position may appear very attractive to buyers, but it too may not be sustainable. Back to Blois et al (2000) where they highlighted how the price is also a component of the marketing mix and therefore impacts on overall sales via its contribution to the consumers perception of the products image. Pricing Objectives Marketing attempts to accomplish certain objectives through its pricing decisions. Research has shown that pricing objectives vary from firm to firm. Some companies try to maximize their profits by pricing their offerings very high. Others use low prices to attract new business. (Palmer, 2000) As per Palmer (2000); the three basic categories of pricing objectives are: Profitability Objectives Profit maximization is the basis of much of economic theory. However, it is often difficult to apply in practice, and many firms have turned to a simpler profitability objective-the target return goal. For example, a firm might specify the goal of a 9 percent return on sales or a 20 percent return on investment. Most target return pricing goals state the desired profitability in terms of a return on either sales or investment. Volume Objectives Another example of pricing strategy is sales maximization, under which management sets an acceptable minimum level of profitability and then tries to maximize sales. Sales expansion is viewed as being more important than short run profits to the firms long-term competitive position. A second volume objective is market share; the percentage of a market controlled by a certain company, product, or service. One firm may seek to achieve a 25 percent market share in a certain industry. Another may want to maintain or expand its market share for particular products or product lines. Social Objectives Objectives not related to profitability or sales volume; can be either of social and/or ethical considerations, status quo objectives, and image goals are often used in pricing decisions. Social and ethical considerations play an important role in some pricing situations. For example, the price of some goods and services is based on the intended consumers ability to pay. For example, some union dues are related to the income of the members. Internal factors affecting pricing Company objectives and strategies An essential ingredient of effective prices is their consistency with company objectives and overall marketing strategy. The realization of company objectives necessitates the development of an overall marketing strategy. To be effective and efficient, the companys pricing decisions must fit into this strategy, and be in line with decisions on other marketing-mix elements. Also, prices should not be set as an afterthought. Reflections on appropriate prices should occur at the time the product, communication, and distribution are conceived, because the different instruments of the mix have a synergetic influence on the market. There is ample evidence that the impact of pricing strategies and structures depends on the companies communication and distribution approach and on the products characteristics. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Costs Costs have traditionally played a major role in pricing decisions. They constitute a basic ingredient for setting a price floor or lower boundary on acceptable prices. Cost Classification Costs can be classified along different dimensions. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) First Dimension First dimension concerns the degree to which costs can be directly attributed to specific products; where costs can be either direct traceable, indirect traceable or general costs. Direct traceable costs can be immediately associated with individual products, such as the cost of raw materials. Indirect traceable costs are not directly linked to, but can with some effort be traced back to, individual products, such as the cost of filling shelves is illustrative of this type. General costs, finally, cannot be linked to specific products, such as administrative overhead costs. Assessing direct traceable costs, and attributing indirect traceable costs, are important for pricing. Second Dimension Equally crucial is the distinction between variable and fixed costs. Which of these components should enter the pricing decision depends on the companys objective. For profit-maximizing companies, fixed cost may not affect optimal prices. Yet, for not-for-profit companies maximizing sales or participation subject to a deficit constraint, fixed cost may have a major effect on feasible outcomes. The companys time horizon also has a fundamental impact on the costs to be considered. Whether costs are fixed or variable depends on the time frame adopted by the company. Third Dimension Cost dynamics; where Short-term costs may differ from long-term cost levels as a result of changes in the scale of company operations. Economies of scale arise if the cost per unit decreases with the output level in a given period. This could be the result of the facility to share corporate resources across products, the use of more efficient (large-scale) production facilities, long production runs, access to volume discounts in purchases, or shipment in full carload or truckload lots. Experience effects are a second major source of declining production costs. Linkage between cost and pricing strategy As argued above, costs are related to price floors: they typically set a lower bound on prices. The contribution margin for a product equals its price minus its unit variable cost: if negative, selling the product at that price leads to a loss; if positive, at least part of the fixed cost can be recovered. While this principle seems utterly simple, the foregoing discussion illustrates that the determination and quantification of all relevant costs may be far from evident. The notion of costs as a price floor is blurred by product inter-dependencies, cost dynamics, cost allocation over channel members and company subsidiaries, and the pursuit of multiple company objectives. Yet, knowledge of basic cost components remains a crucial input to the pricing decision, and companies should strive for a complete picture of various cost issues. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) External factors affecting pricing AS well as there are internal factors that affect the firm, there are also many external factors that affect the firm that must be taken into account when prices are set. It is useful to consider these in four groups; first the characteristics of the customers themselves and then three aspects of the environment within which the firm operates. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Customer characteristics Price-volume relationship (price sensitivity) The customers price sensitivity is usually measured by the price elasticity; the price elasticity is the relative change in demand (sales) resulting from a relative change in the unit price of the product. The price elasticity is affected by four factors; firstly, measured price sensitivities depend on how demand is quantified: market-share changes in response to price are typically larger than sales changes. Secondly, the nature of the price change affects elasticity outcomes. Market reactions to a regular price change may be different from response to temporary promotional price cuts. Thirdly, the level of price elasticity depends on distribution and communication, but especially on product characteristics. Products or services with a unique brand value are said to be less sensitive to price changes. Finally, price elasticity changes over the product life cycle (PLC). The traditional view is that price sensitivity increases as the product evolves over the life cycle, price sensitiv ity first declines as the product moves from the introduction to the growth and maturity stage, and then increases in the decline phase of the PLC. Individual consumers The traditional microeconomic picture of a consumer who correctly registers all prices and price changes, and acts rationally upon them so as to maximize his utility, has been falsified for quite some time. Consumers are heterogeneous in their levels of price search, knowledge, and recall accuracy. Consumers also differ in the location of their acceptable price range: they have different upper and lower price limits, different reference price levels, and different latitudes of acceptance around the reference price. A wide range of factors may explain these differences. Economic factors, such as perceived price differences, budget restrictions, and income levels, are a first source of heterogeneity. Search and transaction costs stemming from time constraints, mobility restrictions, age, household composition, and location, also affect consumer price processing and evaluation. Thirdly, human-capital characteristics such as time-management skills and basic knowledge may come into play. Fourthly, the level of price processing depends on the expected psychosocial returns from price information collection and product adoption, which are often related to culture and peer group. Finally, consumer traits like variety-seeking versus loyalty cause consumers to react differently to prices. As will be argued in subsequent sections, recognition of consumer heterogeneity is crucial for effective pricing: managers should exploit these differences in the development of pricing strategies and tactics. Industrial customers Industrial decision is believed to be more rational and based on more complete information. Price would, for example, be less often used as a quality signal in industrial settings. Other factors such as the importance in the total cost of the end product and the importance in the functioning of the end product are deemed more important determinants of the price sensitivity of industrial buyers than of individual consumers. Competitive environment In determining prices, the competitive environment should explicitly be accounted for. The level of demand associated with a given company price strongly depends on prevailing competitive prices. Moreover, in a dynamic setting, not only must current prices of competitors be taken into account, but so should competitive reactions. Competitive retaliation may attenuate pricing effects. It could even provoke price wars where prices of all market players are systematically reduced, possibly to unprofitable levels. Careful analysis of competition is, therefore, a prerequisite for effective pricing. Channel environment Most companies operate within a marketing channel: they obtain products, components, and/or materials from suppliers; and many pass their products onto intermediaries before they reach the end-users. The characteristics of the channel, and the (associated) reactions of channel members, strongly affect the nature of the pricing problem as well as the effectiveness of alternative pricing strategies, structures, and instruments. Legal environment In setting prices, managers must be aware of legal constraints that restrict their decision freedom such as: Consumer pricing regulations Governments can influence final consumer prices indirectly by means of VAT rates. They can also control prices directly by imposing price ceilings or price floors for specific product categories. Besides imposing restrictions on absolute price levels, governments can limit the freedom of co

Jesus the Warrior in The Dream of the Rood Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The image of Jesus nailed to a wooden cross by the palms of his hands and with a crown of thorns wrapped around his head is one that has transcended all time barriers. It has inclusive been replicated into figure form that is utilized in various ways but whose primary function is to serve as a constant reminder of the physical suffering endured by Jesus. In The Dream of the Rood however, the perception of Jesus Christ as not only the son of God and savior of mankind but also as a human with the capacity to feel pain, is subverted when through the perspective of a personified cross he is conveyed as a warrior in the midst of combat. The portrayal of Jesus in this way immediately evokes the image of an ideal stereotypical hero who is strong, courageous, and unrelenting in appearance. Nevertheless, it can be said that this type of hero is more inclined towards fantasy than it is based on reality because these idealized heroic figures have only ever truly existed in a fictional universe. The depiction of Jesus as a warrior thus, undermines forms of heroism that stem from explicit suffering that is not concealed but rather expressed by the individual. In the text, Jesus is made out to be a warrior in a literal manner in order to accentuate his act of heroism. Although it can be argued that Jesus was in fact a warrior, this argument is only valid if speaking in figurative terms since being a warrior and fighting in battles was not his profession. Jesus is first identified as a warrior during a particular moment when the cross observes as, â€Å"[†¦] the young Hero stripped himself—[†¦]God Almighty—strong and stouthearted. He climbed on the high gallows bold in the sight of many when he would free mankind† (28). By referring to Jesus as a â€Å"h... ...eying these emotions. It is the expression these emotions that is mistaken for weakness. However, while it is true that warriors for the most part are viewed as heroic figures, it is not the armor or the seemingly courageous appearance that they put up in front of a crowd that defines them as heroes. The way that Jesus is presented in the bible does not make him any less of a hero when compared to the way he is portrayed in the poem. It is the action and motive behind the action that ultimately determines who is heroic. Works Cited †¢ Greenblatt, Stephen, and M. H. Abrams. "The Dream of The Rood." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. 27-29. Print. †¢ Mark. The Holy Bible. The New King James Version ed. Thomas Nelson, 1985. Print. †¢ Mathew. The Holy Bible. The New King James Version ed. Thomas Nelson, 1985. Print.

An Introduction to Macroeconomics

Homework #1 Problem #1 Q: Use the supply and demand framework in the labor market to explain why employment has grown rapidly in the United States in recent decades while at the same time there has been a slowdown in real-wage growth. A: With the growth of both supply and demand in the US, we can see that the quantity of labor needed has increased. In the same time the wages have not increased that much, because if we have an increase in both supply and demand we will have a shift to the right of the equilibrium, which basically shows an increase in quantity of labor but not wages paid.Problem #2 Q: In a small town of 100 people, there are 10 children under 16, 10 retired people, 60 people with full-time jobs, 3 people with part-time jobs, 3 full-time students over 16, and 4 full-time homemakers. The remaining people did not have jobs, but wanted jobs. All but one of these had actively looked for a job in the previous four weeks. What is the unemployment rate in this town? Show your work.A: 100 (total number of people) – 10 (children under 16) – 10 (retired) – 4 (homemakers who are not part of the labor force) – 3 (fulltime students) – 1 (not searching for job) = 72 people labor force 72 (labor force) – 60 (full time jobs) – 3 (part-time jobs) = 9 (unemployed but seeking jobs) Employment rate = employed/labor force = (labor force – unemployed)/ labor force = 63/72 = 0. 875 = 87. 5% Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = 9/72 = 0. 125 = 12. 5% Problem #3 Q: High Tech, Inc. produces plastic chairs that sell for $12 each. The following table provides information about how many plastic chairs can be produced per hour.Assume that apart from labor there are additional production cost of $2 per chair. How many workers will be hired if the hourly wage for workers is $70? A: # of Workers| Chairs Produced| Income| Prod. Cost| Wage| Net Income| 1| 10| 120| 20| 70| 30| 2| 18| 216| 36| 140| 40| 3| 24| 288| 48| 21 0| 30| 4| 28| 336| 56| 280| 0| 5| 30| 360| 60| 350| -50| There will be hired only 2 workers, because after one hour of production and paying for the work, with 2 workers the company will have the highest net income equal to $40. Problem #4 Q: A report indicated that the average real wage in manufacturing declined by 2% between 1990 and 2000.If the CPI equaled 1. 30 in 1990, 1. 69 in 2000, and the average nominal wage in manufacturing was $35 in 2000, what was the average nominal wage in manufacturing in 1990? A: Year| CPI| Nominal Salary| Real Salary| 1990| 1. 30| $x| $(y+2%)| 2000| 1. 69| $35| $y| Y=35/1. 69=20. 71 (Real Salary for 2000) Y+2%= 20. 71 + 20. 71*0. 02=21. 1242 (Real Salary for 1990) X= 21. 1242*1. 30=27. 4614 (Nominal Salary for 1990) Problem #5 Q: A labor contract provides for a first-year wage of $10 per hour, and specifies that the real wage will rise by 3 percent in the second year of the contract and by another 3 percent in the third year.The CPI is 1. 00 in the first year, 1. 07 in the second year, and 1. 15 in the third year. What dollar wage must be paid in the third year? A: Year| CPI| Nominal Salary| Real Salary| 1| 1. 00| 10| Y1=10| 2| 1. 07| X1| Y2=(Y1+3%)| 3| 1. 15| X2| Y3=(Y2+3%)| Y2 = 10+10*0. 03 = 10. 3 (Real Salary Second Year) Y3 = 10. 3 + 10. 3*0. 03 = 10. 609 (Real Salary Third Year) X1 = 10. 3*1. 07 = 11. 021 (Nominal Salary Second Year) X2 = 10. 609*1. 15 = 12. 20 (Nominal Salary Third Year)

Giuseppe Mazzini Essays

Giuseppe Mazzini Essays Giuseppe Mazzini Paper Giuseppe Mazzini Paper Nationalism was becoming a growing issue in nineteenth century Europe, during the time of the great powers. Nationalism is an ideology based on the premise that the individuals loyalty and devotion to the nation surpass other individual or group interests. This was becoming a big problem, since certain people started becoming radical and commenced influencing populations to revolution; in Italy the population was influenced to create a united nation by Giuseppe Mazzini and Camillo Cavour. The Italian population wasnt only encouraged by these two historic figures, but also by following the revolution that occurred in France short before. This revolution in France inspired the people of Italy even more. They observed that it wasnt impossible to overthrow monarchs and create democracy. The ideas of nationalism that people had at that time were although connected with liberalism, liberalism being a political philosophy emphasizing the value of individual liberty and the role of the state in protecting the rights if its citizens. These two theories were connected by the ideas of the people. Theyre way of seeing nationalism was total devotion to the nation, but including individual liberty. They also expected the state to protect the rights of its citizens. Nationalism however, was quite a contrast to liberalism. Being a nationalist means giving up some of your social and personal liberties and devote a lot more to your country. So how would it be possible to connect nationalism with liberalism? One creates a nationalist state that uses liberalism as a way thinking within the state and when it comes to international issues, one applies the mentality of nationalism. : Centralization was often also a result of a nationalist state. The state was controlled from one city. Cavours appointment as prime minister of Piedmont in 1852 was an important stage in Italys progress towards becoming a unified nation. He was known as an able politician who favoured liberal causes. Evidently opposed to the revolutionary republicanism of Mazzini and his followers, he did not take the idea of national unification seriously, although he also wanted to rid Italy of the Austrians, so the nation could control itself. He envisaged a modern and extended Piedmont at the head of the drive towards independence. With these aims, he was more concentrated on the economic transformation of the state. He made trade treaties with France, Belgium, Britain and Austria, and the merchant fleet was enlarged. During the 1850s Piedmonts foreign trade doubled in value. Cavour promoted the use of the latest techniques in farming and in the factories and introduced a railway system. By 1860 there were 800km of track in Piedmont. In addition to constructing a firm economic plan upon which to base Piedmonts development in Italy, Cavour also made a political partnership which allowed him to remain firmly in control of the government and thus able to pursue his aims without intervention of parliamentary opposition. By bringing his own center-right party into coalition with a center-left group, enabled Cavour to resist the opposition of both the extreme clerical right and the extreme revolutionary (Mazzini). Mazzini was probably the most dedicated Italian revolutionary of his time. His disappointment with the methods and aims of the Carbonari prompted him to develop a new approach to the problems of Italy. Mazzini spoke to all Italians, not just the educated middle-class. He believed Italians possessed within them the ability to lead their own national revival; to rise against the foreign country controlling their nation and to establish a united republican Italy. He spoke for democracy and freedom and viewed patriotism as a religion. His vision went beyond purely national boundaries to the creation of a United States of Europe, shaped by the civilizing influence of the Italian nation. His methods were simple: propaganda and insurrection. In both fields he worked tirelessly to awaken the national consciousness of the Italian people. In 1831 he founded his own association to work towards these goals, named Young Italy. Cavours nationalism triumphed over that of Mazzini, mainly because he followed his goals straight through as he planned in the beginning. He went more for the improvement of Piedmont than that of Italy and, by improvisation, created the united Italy.

changes men made in the country essays

changes men made in the country essays Hoofdvraag : Welke veranderingen heeft de mens aangebracht in het natuurlandschap? Deelvragen : -Waarom zijn de tegewoordige polders destijds drooggelegd? -Waarom liggen er zoveel sloten in de polder? -Waarom is er een ringvaart gebouwd om de polder? Antwoord op de deelvraag: Waarom zijn de tegewoordige polders destijds drooggelegd? Waarom het beemstermeer, het Purmermeer en het Wijde Wormermeer zijn drooggelegd? Daar zijn vier redenen voor, namelijk: In de middeleeuwen waren vaak hevige stormenmet harde westenwinden die het slappe veen wegsloegen. In de 17e eeuw beschikten onder andere Amsterdamse kooplieden over veel geld dat ze hadden verdiend met de handel op Indi. Dit gebruikten ze om de aanleg van nieuwe landbouwgrond in de droogmakerijen te betalen. Een van deze heette van Os. Vandaar dat een van de mooiste en oudste boederijen in de Beemster zo heet. De windwatermolens werden steeds beter zodat steeds grotere oppervlakten leeggemalen konden worden. De Beemster is met maar liefsst 50 molens drooggemalen. Ook vond men de zogenaamde molengang uit. Voor de aanleg van de ringdijken en vaarten had je veel personeel nodig. Alles moest met de hand gebeuren. De ringdijk van de Beemster is 37,5 kilometer lang en is geheel met de hand gegraven. Antwoord op de deelvraag: Waarom liggen er zoveel sloten in en dijken om de polder? Onze omgeving bestond in de tijd dat het werd ontwaterd uit een bijna geheel aaneengesloten veengebied. Het gebied was bijna onbewoonbaar, omdat veen voor ongeveer 80 90 procent uit water bestaat. Om dit gebied bruikbaar te maken, moesten de mensen dus sloten gaan graven om het gebied te ontwateren. Dit hebben ze zeer uitgebreid gedaan. Alle sloten in de polder zijn met mensenhanden gegraven. In de veenwidegebieden zie je dus veel, rechte en brede sloten. Als er toch een kronkel in zit, dan komt dit door een vroeger stroompje. Een nadeel van deze...